ly; there is never a moment in which race exists simply as race. Up until 1870, American citizenship was granted exclusively to persons; in 1870, men of African descent could become naturalized, but bar to citizenship remained for Asian men until repeal acts of 1943-52. Whereas of citizen was first inseparable from his whiteness, as state extended citizenship to nonwhite persons, it formally designated these subjects male as well. The 1943 enfranchisement of American into citizenship, for example, constituted subject as male; in 1946 modification of Magnuson Act, wives of U.S. citizens were exempted from permitted annual quota; as law changed to reclassify Chinese immigrant as eligible for naturalization and citizenship, female immigrants were not included in this reclassification but were in effect specified only in relation to changed status of the immigrant who was legally presumed to be male. Thus, administration of citizenship for Asians was simultaneously a technology of racialization and gendering. John Kuo Wei Tchen has demonstrated that from late nineteenth-century until 1940s, masculinity had been socially and institutionally marked as different from that of Angloand Euro-American white citizens owing to forms of work and community that had been historically available to men as result of immigration laws restricting female immigration. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.120 on Wed, 14 Sep 2016 05:55:05 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
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