Polis and Kastron in Theophanes and in some other historical texts

Abstract

The idea that the ancient polis underwent a crisis not only in the West but also on the territory of the Protobyzantine empire seems now fairly established. In a recent book on Manuel I’s reign, Paul Magdalino states without doubts: «In many ways, it must seem that the vast majority of Byzantine towns were rural outposts, or at best cheap replicas, of Constantinople. Whether they had survived from Late Antiquity, or came into being after the ‘Dark Age’ crisis, they did so as kastra: fortress...

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