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Abstract This chapter looks at how media exposure has been studied. It focuses on the criticisms of media use measures as well as the primary alternative to this approach, which is the inclusion of media content into the empirical analyses of public opinion data. The chapter also discusses several practical considerations about content analysis and the analytical challenges that are connected to the estimation of causal effects of media messages on public opinion.
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Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 9 citations exist upstream.
Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.
Imported from OpenAlex (CC0) — nothing here is generated.