Abstract Frege held that referring expressions in general, and demonstratives and indexicals in particular, contribute more than just their reference to what is expressed by utterances of sentences containing them. This chapter first attempts to get clear about what the Fregean view is, arguing that it rests upon a certain conception of linguistic communication, the ‘Naïve Conception’, that is natural but ultimately indefensible. On the other hand, however, understanding a demonstrative (or indexical) utterance does require one to think of the object denoted in an appropriate way. This fact makes it difficult to reconcile the view that referring expressions are ‘directly referential’ with any view that seeks to ground meaning in facts about communication.
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