Warfare in the Age of the Thirty Years War 1598–1648

Abstract

The years 1598–1648 were for many parts of Europe a period of almost permanent warfare. After 1618 central Europe was engulfed by the Thirty Years War, which involved not only the Emperor and the principalities of the Holy Roman Empire, but also the Netherlands, Spain, and at later stages of the conflict Denmark, England, Sweden and France. Nor had the years before 1618 been particularly peaceful, although the first decade of the seventeenth century saw a number of prolonged armed conflicts come to an end. The Spanish attempt to intervene in France during the French Wars of Religion had been abandoned in 1598 with the Peace of Vervins. The war between England and Spain — which went back to 1585 — had been ended in 1604, a year after the end of the Nine Years War in Ireland (1594–1603), which had been closely connected with the Anglo-Spanish contest. Even the conflict between Spain and her ‘rebellious’ provinces in the Low Countries had been interrupted in 1609 by a twelve-year truce, and the long war between the Emperor and the Sultan which had begun in 1593 was ended in 1606 by the treaty of Zsitvatorok. Peace between Turkey and the Austrian Habsburgs remained somewhat uneasy, small-scale warfare continued, and the Prince of Transylvania was to intervene in the Thirty Years War more than once with Turkish support, but a somewhat uneasy cessation of hostilities on any large scale was, nevertheless, achieved in 1606. 1

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