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Marked out by the collapse of the communist bloc in 1989–91 and the unravelling of capitalism’s neo-liberal variant in 2008–9, the two decades between 1989 and 2009 have featured a welter of conflicts that have involved mass displacement and refugee flight. Major new diasporas have formed from or been augmented by these conflict-induced population movements over the last two decades. As this chapter will show, these new or resurgent transnational social formations have consolidated, are enduring, have undertaken new or extended existing forms of transnational activity, and are becoming integrated into the global order, particularly in respect of relations between affluent countries and conflict-ridden societies.
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