Spain: The Double Breakdown

Abstract

For most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Spain was one of the most deeply divided European societies - a factor which caused continuing political tensions and finally civil war. The years between the two world wars were ones of conflict in contrast to the political stability of the Restoration Era (1875–1923) and the long-lived Franco dictatorship (1936–75). This period saw the breakdown of oligarchic liberalism (1917–23), the coup d’état and dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–30), the fall of the monarchy and the proclamation of the Republic (1931), five turbulent years of democracy (1931–6) and finally the collapse of the democratic system and civil war (1936–9). Spain was thus the only European country in which, after a short but intensive period of political mass mobilization, democracy was ended by direct military intervention.

Cite this work

No public copy is stored for this record, so only the metadata is cited.

Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 23 citations exist upstream.

Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.