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Research and development (R&D) is a form of organized creativity. Its institutionalization is one of the greatest achievements of the past century. R&D is and will remain a great engine of scientific, technological, and economic progress. From its beginnings in the small laboratories of independent inventors to the massive government R&D complexes throughout the world, the major research universities, and the great industrial labs that are crossing national boundaries more and more, R&D is the womb of the technological society. The technological outpourings of R&D have had impacts both directly in the products and processes that have changed our global economy and life-styles and indirectly in changes in the organization and conduct of R&D itself. Some of the most significant impacts have come from the development and widespread use of communications and computer technology. Communications have shrunk the globe, while computers are in the process of creating languages and symbols that span it.
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