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While Spinoza regards freedom as the core element of the good life, his definition of freedom appears to imply that only God can be free. It seems that his ethical theory sets us a goal that is, strictly speaking, impossible for us to achieve. This essay defends a reading on which humans are able to be free in the sense of attaining adequate ideas. The author argues that Spinoza carves out a distinct space for human freedom, which is a lesser degree of freedom than the divine freedom defined in 1D7. Human freedom requires that adequate ideas determine our actions, and since ideas influence our actions by functioning as desires, Marshall contends that we are free when adequate ideas determine our actions in virtue of serving as rational desires.
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