Beginning on September 11, 1945, class A war crimes suspects were arrested, and by the end of December 1945, more than 100 former Japanese leaders were in Sugamo Prison. According to a poll conducted by the United Sates Strategic Bombing Survey after Japan's defeat, 44 percent of the Japanese people thought that Japan must become a more peaceful and democratic nation. Another poll, conducted among the Japanese residing in Beijing in 1945, showed that 80 percent of them were willing to sacrifice as much as they did during the war in order to rebuild Japan. However, from the early 1950s on, as the Cold War took shape, the progressives endured a rising challenge from what they called “reactionary forces,” and they struggled to resist what they regarded as a revived imperialism and militarism. Simultaneously, those who had been purged for supporting wartime militarism were permitted to return to public posts.
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