ETA and Basque Political Violence

Abstract

The history of violence in Spain is a complex one. It has its ideological as well as its ethnic sources. Competing strands, Catholic, conciliar, monarchist, anarchist, communist, Trotskyist, socialist and that strange amalgam of corporatism, monarchism, and Catholicism represented by Franco, have all left their residue in a country in which localism and an extraordinary imperial history remain retrievable memories. Monarchy, republic, civil war, dictatorship, autocracy, democracy — these have succeeded each other at the state level with Spain perhaps today one of the more stable and increasingly prosperous countries in the European community. Such progress has eroded Basque nationalism. So have crackdowns on terrorists who have taken refuge on the French side of the border by the French government. But acts of terrorism continue and Basque nationalism and separatism remain a festering sore in the Spanish polity.

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