Empowerment and Resistance: ‘Collective Effervescence’ and other Accounts

Abstract

In December 1946 there occurred a two-day general strike in Oakland, California. Chris Rhomberg (1995) writes that: The scene on the streets was described as a ‘carnival-like atmosphere’: men and women sang and danced to music from loudspeakers set up on the streets, a few pickets turned up on roller skates, and one journalist complained of ‘young high school girls with their jeans rolled up above their bobby socks and their white shirt tails fluttering in the breeze’. Minor incidents of violence occurred, but union picket captains kept order and exhorted people to remain non-violent. One eye-witness recalled, ‘The participants were making history, knew it, and were having fun. … Never before or since had Oakland been so alive or happy for the population. It was a town of law and order. In that city of over a quarter million, strangers passed each other on the street and did not have fear, but the opposite. (p. 582) These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

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