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For the West German unions, events in the mid- and late 1970s brought to an end a kind of ‘golden era’. This period was even worse for unions in most other European countries. Gone were the days of virtual full employment, annual increases in real wages, and extension of social and workplace benefits that had been first won, and then extended during the 1960s and early 1970s when sympathetic Labour and Social Democratic parties were in government throughout Northwestern Europe. In the course of the last decade, however, various internal and external challenges profoundly changed labour’s world both in the Federal Republic and the rest of Europe. These changes centred first and foremost on the altered states of solidarity for the unions both in the labour market and the political arena. Throughout Western Europe one could unmistakably detect major challenges to the solidarities of labour and the ‘old’ left which had dominated progressive politics since the beginning of the century when the dual development of mass production in the industrial sphere and large-scale political participation in the political realm created what we have come to know as modern society. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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