A History of Japanese Emigration from the 1860s to the 1990s

Abstract

Modern Japanese emigration began in 1868 with the Meiji Restoration of 1868–1912. From the outset, the emigrants were migrant workers and were regarded as such by the Japanese government; those who sought permanent residency at their destinations were an exceptional few. As of October 1986, the total number of Nikkeijin exceeded 1 640 000, with the large majority residing in the United States (740 000) and Brazil (630 000). By Nikkeijin is meant two categories of Japanese emigrants — first-, second- and third-generation Japanese who are naturalized citizens of their host countries, and Japanese citizens who are permanent residents in those countries (see Table 4.1 and 4.2). 1 These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

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