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Chapter 1 - Introduction: Waves of Activation Reform Amilcar Moreira and Ivar Lodemel Chapter 2 - Norwegian activation reform on a wave of wider welfare state change: A critical assessment Erika Gubrium, Ivar Lodemel, and Ivan Harslof Chapter 3 - Workfare with welfare revisited: Instigating dual tracks based on ethnicity Jon Kvist and Ivan Harslof Chapter 4 -Activation for all: Welfare reform in the UK, 1995 to 2009 Julia Griggs, Andrew Hammond, and Robert Walker Chapter 5 - Activation and reform in the United States: What time has told Theresa Anderson, Katharine Kairys, and Michael Wiseman Chapter 6 - From legitimacy to effectiveness: Developments in activation in The Netherlands Henk Spies and Nico van de Vrie Chapter 7 - Germany: Ambivalent activation Jochen Clasen and Alexander Goerne Chapter 8 - Implementing a myth: The evolution of conditionality in French minimum income provision Daniel Clegg and Bruno Palier Chapter 9 - From gateway to safety net: The dynamics of activation reforms in Portugal Amilcar Moreira, Daniel Carolo, and Rui Nicola Chapter 10 - From protection towards activation: Reform of social assistance in the Czech Republic Tomas Sirovatka Chapter 11 - Governing Activation in the 21st Century: A (hi)story of change Amilcar Moreira and Ivar Lodemel Chapter 12 - Trajectories of change: Activation reforms from inception to times of austerity Ivar Lodemel and Erika Gubrium Index
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