Expertise: A Second Look

Abstract

Deliberate practice is an important factor in the achievement of expertise, but there are individual difference factors, such as working memory. Proficiency scaling--for knowledge capture or training design--must use empirical methods and performance measures to generate proficiency scales spanning novice, apprentice, journeyman, and expert levels and sublevels. If expertise is defined solely in terms of "superior performance on representative tasks conducted under controlled circumstances," then huge swaths of human activity are potentially removed from empirical scrutiny. There are domains where tasks are morphing and challenges are constantly emerging. These are domains of societal and national importance, such as cyberdefense. Proficiency scaling should rely on a multimethod approach. The concept of accelerated expertise is premised on the idea that different abilities and capacities come into play across the levels and sublevels of proficiency.

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