A growing demand for printing paper and other economic incentives stimulated domestic production, but political measures were needed to protect it. French mills dominated the English market, supplying far more than Italy, Germany, Holland, and the other exporting countries combined. Printers consumed so much French paper that they could name different types by the place of origin, like varieties of cheese. Authors and publishers were given the right to import large amounts of high-priced duty-free paper, which they could sell on the side to subsidize expensive publications. Beset by tariffs and embargoes, French merchants could no longer compete in the British market against imports from other countries and the products of British mills, by then steadily improving in quality. British papermakers competed against the import trade most successfully at the lower end of the market, where they could sell cheap printing papers at a satisfactory profit.
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