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The economic recession of the 1970s had several effects on union action in most of the industrialized countries. The constraints to greater or lesser degrees have affected union practices: unions have had to explore new strategies within the context of new modes of regulation and class compromise. 1 The consequences on memberships have varied widely among nations. National traditions have been historically constructed; they have depended on previous union presence, recruitment practices (the closed shop in Britain, for instance) and the shapes assumed by national union offices. In northern Europe, unionization remains traditionally strong, reaching and even surpassing a density of 80 per cent of the work force in Sweden, Denmark and Finland. Elsewhere, real declines in membership have not precluded continued union influence: in the United Kingdom and Italy union density has dropped to between 35 per cent and 40 per cent, but unions continue to wield authority. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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