Civilizing the State: Borders, Weak States and International Health in Modern Europe

Abstract

In the nineteenth century, major epidemics raised border-related issues among people and animals. Cholera? The border between East and West. Cattle plague? The border between Tsarist Russia and Europe. Malaria? The frontier of modernization in the Balkans. The modern state has defined itself by its borders, whose complexity is a function of the state having become more complicated and organized. 1 Public health has actively participated in this increasing complexity. Quarantines, international health regulations and delousing stations altered certain state’s relations with other states, as well as with its own society. France in 1822, Texas in 1910, or even the Germany of victorious bacteriology, are examples of modern health institutions spreading inward from the borders rather than outward from the center. 2 These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

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