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Existing studies of the Croat fascist Ustase tend to emphasize the importance of Catholicism in their ideology. The article tests this premise by analysing the Ustasa policy of forced religious conversion, whereby Orthodox Serbs were forcibly converted to Catholicism. The article is based on the hitherto unused archival material of the Ustasa regime's 'Religious Section', which orchestrated the policy. The archival material sheds critically important light on the origins, implementation and failure of the policy. It offers a substantially different interpretation of the policy, raises many historiographical and methodological questions, and questions the centrality of religion in the Ustasa Weltanschanung. The archival material sheds light on the dynamics of the policy and reveals the contradictory nature of Ustasa ideology and policy toward the Serbs.
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