Writing and Secular Knowledge Outside Modern European Institutions

Abstract

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the seats of learning moved to Constantinople and Baghdad. With few texts, poorly distributed in Europe, learning was thin and static for over five centuries. Yet within this bleak landscape, the reintroduction of the texts of the world produced institutions, practices, and forces that were to be the basis of modern learning, knowledge production, and scholarly communication that now encompass the globe.

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