A Comparison of Risk and Protective Factors Related to Depressive Symptoms among American Indian and Caucasian Older Adults

Catherine Elizabeth Burnette · Soonhee Roh · Kyoung Hag Lee · Yeon-Shim Lee · Lisa A. Newland · Jung Sim Jun

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Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights Health disparities and outcomes Health and Well-being Studies

Abstract

Despite efforts to reduce health disparities, many American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations, including older adults, experience elevated levels of depression and associated suicide. Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and social support are well-documented risk and protective factors for depression in the general population, little is known about AI/AN populations, especially older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to depression among a sample of AI older adults in the Midwest. Data were collected using a self-administered survey completed by 479 AI and Caucasian respondents over the age of 50. The survey included standardized measures such as the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, ACE Questionnaire, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Hierarchical multivariate regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the main hypotheses of the study. Results indicate that two dimensions of ACEs (childhood neglect and household dysfunction) were positively associated with depressive symptoms; social support was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Perceived health and living alone were also significant predictors of depressive symptoms. ACEs may play a significant role in depression among AI/AN populations across the life course and into old age. Social support offers a promising mechanism to bolster resilience among AI/AN older adults.

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References

1988The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support 2003Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study 2004Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood 2003Violent Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Adults 1999Minor and Major Depression and the Risk of Death in Older Persons 2002Life Events, Stress and Depression: A Review of Recent Findings 2013Social support as a protective factor in suicide: Findings from two nationally representative samples 2012American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health: Diverse Perspectives on Enduring Disparities

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