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The history of steelmaking, prior to the work of Bessemer and \nSiemens, is not well documented. This study attempts to \nbring together the evidence for the development of the \ncementation and crucible processes, including information on \nthe other means of producing steel which were of some \nimportance in their time but were eventually rendered \nobsolete by the more well-known and successful methods. In \naddition to the historical background, a relatively simple \ntreatment of the technology involved is used, as necessary, \nto underline the reasons for the various sequences of \noperations which were developed. \nThe evolution of the cementation process for the production \nof blister steel was largely a British matter, although its \norigins were Continental. Based essentially on imported \nhigh grade Swedish iron as its raw material, it held an \nimportant place in metallurgy throughout the eighteenth \ncentury and for most of the nineteenth, first as the only \nworth while source of British steel and, later, as the \nsource of raw material for the crucible process. \nThe crucible process itself, growing from its development \nby Huntsman, around 1740, into the major steelmaking method \nin Britain, was recognised universally as the source of \nquality steel. It passed through various modifications \nuntil, eventually, with the bulk steelmaking processes of \nBessemer and Siemens providing a basis for the rapid \nexpansion of the industry, the crucible process took on a \nnew role as the source of special steels, thereby ensuring \nthe reputation of Sheffield as a centre for these materials. \nThe essay includes as much of the history of this technology \nas has been elucidated by a research which has \nextended over a quarter of a century. It closes with a \nsurvey of the use of the cementation and crucible \nprocesses in Europe and America.
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