Travel Behavior in TODs vs. Non-TODs: Using Cluster Analysis and Propensity Score Matching

Keunhyun Park · Reid Ewing · Brenda Case Scheer · Shabnam Sifat Ara Khan

58 citations0/0 files storedTransportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board

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Urban Transport and Accessibility Transportation Planning and Optimization Transportation and Mobility Innovations

Abstract

As a compact, mixed-use, and walkable district near a high-quality transit station, transit-oriented development (TOD) has arisen as a sustainable form of urbanism to minimize automobile dependency and maximize ridership. Existing travel behavior studies in the context of TOD, however, are limited in terms of small sample size, lack of consistency in TOD classification, and failure to control for residential self-selection. This study examines various travel outcomes—vehicle miles traveled (VMT), auto trips, transit trips, and walk trips—in different types of station areas in eight U.S. metropolitan areas using cluster analysis and propensity score matching. Using cluster analysis with three built environment factors—activity density, land use diversity, and street network design (i.e., D variables)—this study classifies existing 549 station areas as TOD, transit-adjacent development (TAD), and Hybrid types. After controlling for residential self-selection, the result shows that a TOD motivates its residents to walk more and take transit more while driving less. The significant difference between TOD and TAD in both VMT and the number of automobile trips means that TOD makes the personal vehicle trips shorter (39% reduction) and fewer (35% reduction). Travel behaviors in the Hybrid type are also examined for the potential outcomes of gradual and practical changes.

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References

1997Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design 2009Examining the Impacts of Residential Self‐Selection on Travel Behaviour: A Focus on Empirical Findings 2007Examining the impacts of residential self-selection on travel behavior: A focus on methodologies 1995Commuting in Transit Versus Automobile Neighborhoods 2013Advance transit oriented development typology: case study in Brisbane, Australia 2015Transit-oriented development, integration of land use and transport, and pedestrian accessibility: Combining node-place model with pedestrian shed ratio to evaluate and classify station areas in Lisbon 2014The analysis of transit-oriented development (TOD) in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore metropolitan areas 2014Varying influences of the built environment on household travel in 15 diverse regions of the United States

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2021Effect of street network design on traffic congestion and traffic safety 2021Disentangling the impacts of the built environment and residential self-selection on travel behavior: An empirical study in the context of diversified housing types 2018Comparative case studies: trip and parking generation at Orenco Station TOD, Portland Region and Station Park TAD, Salt Lake City Region

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