Abstract Item: One of the earliest surprises to emerge from Carnap’s (1950b, 1962b, sec. 110A) precise and systematic study of confirmation was that the initially plausible Wittgenstein confirmation function c was untenable. Carnap’s objection rested on the fact that c precludes “learning from experience” because it fails to incorpo- rate suitable relevance relations. Carnap’s alternative confirmation function c * was offered as a distinct improvement because it does sustain the desired relevance relations.
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