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It is assumed that until the 14 th century most keyboard music was improvised.3 Ornamented intabulations of vocal works performed through improvisatory procedures begin to appear in the Robertsbridge Codex (ca.1325) and the Faenza Codex (before 1420) two of the earliest extant documents of keyboard music.Improvisation methods shown in the Fundamentum organisandi of Conrad Paumann, like in many other manuscripts in the 15 th century, provide evidence of the general use of keyboard improvisation. 4 The development of improvisation is described in several other sources, such as the Tabulature of Adam Ileborgh ( 1448), which appears as free improvisation, and Hans Buchner's Fundamentum (c.1520) and Arte de tañer fantasia (1565), which includes examples of imitative canonic and fugal figurations.5 From the 17 th century, traces of improvisations are clearly indicated in a number of organ compositions, such as the toccatas and preludes of Dieterich Buxtehude,
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