The Centrality of the Response Process in Construct Validity: An Illustration via the Rorschach Space Response

Joni L. Mihura · Nicolae Dumitrascu · Manali Roy · Gregory J. Meyer

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Psychological Testing and Assessment Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Historical and Modern Theater Studies

Abstract

Recently, psychologists have emphasized the response process—that is, the psychological operations and behaviors that lead to test scores—when designing psychological tests, interpreting their results, and refining their validity. To illustrate the centrality of the response process in construct validity and test interpretation, we provide a historical, conceptual, and empirical review of the main uses of the background white space of the Rorschach cards, called space reversal (SR) and space integration (SI) in the Rorschach Performance Assessment System. We show how SR and SI's unique response processes result in different interpretations, and that reviewing their literatures with these distinct interpretations in mind produces the expected patterns of convergent and discriminant validity. That is, SR was uniquely related to measures of oppositionality; SI was uniquely related to measures of cognitive complexity; and both SR and SI were related to measures of creativity. Our review further suggests that the Comprehensive System use of a single space code for all uses of white space likely led to its lack of meta-analytic support as a measure of oppositionality (Mihura, Meyer, Dumitrascu, & Bombel, 2013 *Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., Dumitrascu, N., & Bombel, G. (2013). The validity of individual Rorschach variables: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the Comprehensive System. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 548–605. doi:10.1037/a0029406[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We close by discussing the use of the response process to improve test interpretation, develop better measures, and advance the design of research.

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2019Clinical utility of categorical and dimensional perspectives on personality pathology: A meta-analytic review.2023The Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) in Multimethod Assessment 2019Performance-Based Techniques 2018Correspondence of Maximum and Typical Performance Measures of Cognitive Processing 2022White space responses in the Rorschach: Using eye-tracking to further understand the distinction between space reversal and space integration

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