Perceived discrimination: Associations with physical and cognitive function in older adults.

Aparna Shankar · Petra Hinds

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Health disparities and outcomes Aging and Gerontology Research Racial and Ethnic Identity Research

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Perceived discrimination has been associated with poor physical and psychological health. There is limited research examining perceived discrimination in older adults, and its effects on health in later life. The aim of this study is to extend research in this area by examining longitudinal associations between reported everyday discrimination and physical and cognitive function in older adults. METHOD: The present study uses a national sample of 4,886 community-dwelling individuals aged 60 years and older from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Perceived discrimination was assessed at baseline by asking participants about the frequency with which they experienced 5 everyday discriminatory situations. Cognitive functioning, comprising tests of recall and a test of verbal fluency, and physical functioning, comprising a timed walk test, were measured identically at baseline and follow-up. Multiple regression analyses were performed, adjusting for sociodemographic and health status variables. RESULTS: At baseline, 39.3% of participants reported being discriminated against at least a few times a year. After adjusting for demographic variables, health status, and depression, baseline discrimination was associated with poorer recall (B = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.44, -0.08]) and slower gait speed (B = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.03, -0.004]) at follow-up. Discrimination was not associated with poorer verbal fluency (B = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.22]) at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The experience of discrimination is common among older adults and is associated with poorer physical and cognitive functioning. Addressing issues around discrimination in older adults may contribute to maintaining functioning in later life. (PsycINFO Database Record

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References

1995Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.2009Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.2008Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research 1999The Prevalence, Distribution, and Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination in the United States 2009Stereotype Embodiment 2014The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review.1999Normative Data Stratified by Age and Education for Two Measures of Verbal Fluency FAS and Animal Naming 2000Racism and Mental Health: The African American experience

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