The Bogus Science

Abstract

Three sorts of psychological science are discussed: Science1, a natural science with conditional (causal) laws; Science2, with probabilistic laws; and Science3, a "human science" trying to capture the complexity of human experience and behavior. Conceptual and empirical evidence are given to support the thesis that Science1 and Science2 are not sciences in the sense that they uncover stable laws. Despite this, they are still regarded as sciences for three reasons: the presence of a large professional organization committed to this position; the "empathic ethos" dedicated to bringing about social change by way of marginal "growth" institutions like the school; and the authoritative voices of eminent professionals convinced that psychology is indeed a science with secure behavioral laws. Science3 is still in the programmatic stage and is unlikely to command much attention because it disregards forces in the milieu which influence significantly human experience and behavior. It is argued that Science2 and Science3 should be treated as belief systems which people may find useful for their various purposes.

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