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Asian farmers from India's Punjab province were among those affected\nby California's Alien Land Law. Although it was Japanese success in California\nagriculture which stimulated passage of the first law in 1913 and\nits strengthening in 1920 and 1923, the law became applicable to Asian\nIndians in 1923. Local records and interviews from the Imperial Valley,\nwhere these Punjabi farmers were concentrated, show the strategies they\nemployed to continue farming and the patterns of local support and opposition. There were similarities, but also significant differences, between the Japanese and Punjabi responses to the Alien Land Law.
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