Out-of-pocket and informal payments in Iran's health care system: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

↑What is "already known" in this topic: About 55% of the health system's resources are supplied by families' out-of-pocket payment.The average out-of-pocket expenditures for health is 24% in the world, however, this percentage reaches up to 50% in low-income countries.Studies have indicated an increase in informal payments worldwide, especially in countries with low and average incomes. →What this article adds:The amount of out-of-pocket payments was 50% in total.The amount of informal payments was around 35%. Cash payments were the most common type of informal payments.Appreciating the efforts of hospital staff, physicians, and clerks' requests were the main factors in informal payments.Hospitalization period, marital and employment status, income level, and insurance coverage could be mentioned among the main influential factors in informal payments across different studies.

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