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Known as a theoretician of the division of sciences into the natural sciences (aiming to explain, erklaren ) and human sciences (aiming to gain understanding, verstehen ), Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911) is original and underestimated thinker of psychology as a fundamental science. His post-war reception was completely determined by his hermeneutic interpretation that was made by Heidegger and Gadamer. Dilthey’s project of descriptive and analytical psychology ( beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie ), which opposes the naturalization of psychology, provoked in 1896 as a crushing review by Hermann Ebbinghaus, one of the most influential young representatives of the emerging experimental psychology. Edmund Husserl, in his transcendental psychology in 1911, was one of the few philosophers who rehabilitated Dilthey’s project. This paper reconstructs the main lines of this episode of the history of science and reminds of the epistemological the challenges associated with it, like the validity of the Cartesian dualism for psychology or the Dilthey’s idea of nexus ( Wirkungszusammenhang ). We also outline Dilthey’s theory of impulse and resistance as his response to the scandal of philosophy (as denounced by Kant) and caused by the weakness of philosophical proofs for the existence of an external world.
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