Provision of basic services in slums: A review of the evidence on top‐down and bottom‐up approaches

Abstract

Abstract This article synthesizes the evidence on the effectiveness of top‐down and bottom‐up approaches in providing basic services in slums in developing countries. The findings indicate that: (1) government‐led top‐down approaches focus predominantly on connectivity, but approaches led by community‐based organizations (CBOs) and non‐government organizations (NGOs) improve many additional dimensions of access; (2) legal recognition of slums improves access to services in both approaches; and (3)NGOandCBOinvolvement results in the right balance between the technical, social and financial resources required for effective service delivery.

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