Abstract The availability of geospatial data has increased significantly over recent decades. As a result, the question of how to update spatial data across different scales has become an attractive topic. One promising strategy is to use an updated larger‐scale dataset as a reference for detecting and updating changed objects represented in a to‐be‐updated smaller‐scale dataset. For such an update method, an understanding of the different types of changes that can occur is crucial. Using polygonal building data as an example, this study examines the various possible changes from different perspectives, such as the reasons for their occurrence, the forms in which they manifest, and their effects on output. Then, we apply map algebra theory to establish a cartographic model for updating polygonal building data. Supported by concepts of map algebra, an update procedure involving change detection, filtering, and fusion is implemented through a series of set operations. In addition to traditional polygon overlay functions, the constrained Delaunay triangulation model and knowledge of map generalization procedures are employed to construct set operations. The proposed method has been validated through tests using real‐world data. The experimental results show that our method is effective for updating 1:10k map data using 1:2k map data.
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