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I begin with a question: why did both Edward I and Edward III of England spend so much time and money recruiting allies and mercenaries among the nobility of the Low Countries and the franco-imperial borderlands during their French wars? Between 1294 and 1298 and, again, from 1336 to 1340 the Plantagenet war effort against France depended heavily upon these allies and hired troops. In the event, both episodes ended in military stalemate and financial crisis. ‘Edward III’s war effort’, argues...
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