Transportation assimilation revisited: New evidence from repeated cross-sectional survey data

Dafeng Xu

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Transportation Planning and Optimization Migration, Refugees, and Integration Urban Transport and Accessibility

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Based on single cross-sectional data, prior research finds evidence of "transportation assimilation" among U.S. immigrants: the length of stay in the U.S. is negatively correlated with public transit use. This paper revisits this question by using repeated cross-sectional data, and examines the trend of transportation assimilation over time. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using 1980, 1990, 2000 1% census and 2010 (1%) American Community Survey, I examine the relationship between the length of stay in the U.S. and public transit ridership among immigrants. I first run regressions separately in four data sets: I regress public transit ridership on the length of stay, controlling for other individual and geographic variables. I then compare the magnitudes of the relationship in four regressions. To study how the rate of transportation assimilation changes over time, I pool the data set and regress public transit ridership on the length of stay and its interactions with year dummies to compare the coefficients across surveys. Results confirm the conclusion of transportation assimilation: as the length of stay in the U.S. increases, an immigrant's public transit use decreases. However, the repeated cross-section analysis suggests the assimilation rate has been decreasing in the past few decades. CONCLUSIONS: This paper finds evidence of transportation assimilation: immigrants become less likely to ride public transit as the length of stay in the U.S. increases. The assimilation rate, however, has been decreasing over time. This paper finds that the rate of public transit ridership among new immigrants upon arrival, the geographic distribution of immigrants, and the changing demographics of the U.S. immigrants play roles in affecting the trend of transportation assimilation.

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References

1993The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and its Variants 1978The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign-born Men 2007Understanding attitudes towards public transport and private car: A qualitative study 2007Why do the poor live in cities? The role of public transportation 1989Where Do the New U.S. Immigrants Live?2004Language Skills and Earnings: Evidence from Childhood Immigrants*1998Anatomy of a New Ethnic Settlement: The Chinese Ethnoburb in Los Angeles 1985Spatial Assimilation as a Socioeconomic Outcome

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