Synergy in Knowledge-Based Innovation Systems at National and Regional Levels: The Triple-Helix Model and the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Abstract

Unlike national systems of innovation, a knowledge-based economy is grounded in the volatility of discursive knowledge enabling us to specify expectations.Expectations can be improved by testing them against observations.Furthermore, expectations can be codified in different ways; for example, in terms of market perspectives or technological opportunities.The Fourth Industrial Revolution entails a transition to the reflexive entertaining of expectations in terms of models as increasingly the sources of innovations.The Triple-Helix synergy indicator enables us to use institutional arrangements as instantiations of the knowledge dynamics and thus to assess the generation of options and the reduction of uncertainty in information-theoretical terms.Using this indicator, one can assess empirically-in terms of negative bits of information; that is, redundancy-in which innovation systems and to what extent a technological revolution is taking place.

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