Disparities for LGBTQ and Gender Nonconforming Adolescents

Laura Baams

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LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression Child Abuse and Trauma

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To identify patterns of childhood adversity in a sample of adolescents and assess disparities in these experiences for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning adolescents and by level of gender nonconformity. METHOD: By using the cross-sectional, statewide, anonymous 2016 Minnesota Student Survey, 81 885 students were included in the current study (50.59% male; mean age = 15.51). Participants were enrolled in grades 9 and 11 in a total of 348 schools. RESULTS: Four patterns of childhood adversity were identified with sex-stratified latent class analyses (entropy = 0.833 males; 0.833 females), ranging from relatively low levels of abuse (85.3% males; 80.1% females) to polyvictimization (0.84% males; 1.98% females). A regression analysis showed that compared with heterosexual adolescents, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning adolescents were more likely to be classified into profiles characterized by polyvictimization (odds ratio [OR] 1.81-7.53) and psychological and/or physical abuse (OR 1.29-3.12), than no or low adversity. Similarly, compared with nontransgender adolescents, transgender adolescents were more likely to be classified into profiles characterized by patterns of polyvictimization (OR 1.49-2.91) and psychological and/or physical abuse (OR 1.23-1.96). A higher level of gender nonconformity predicted a higher likelihood of being classified into each adversity profile compared with the no or low adversity profile (OR 1.14-1.45). CONCLUSIONS: Sexual minority adolescents and adolescents with high levels of gender nonconformity are vulnerable to experience adversity. The disparities for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning adolescents and adolescents with high gender nonconformity highlight the variation in patterns of childhood adversity that these youth are at risk of experiencing. The findings reveal the need for further research on the benefits and harm of screening for childhood adversity by physicians and pediatricians.

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References

1998Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults 2003Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence.2014Auxiliary Variables in Mixture Modeling: Three-Step Approaches Using M plus 2008Family Rejection as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults 1997Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey 2016Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth 2011Suicidality and Depression Disparities Between Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review 2011Latent Class Analysis: An Alternative Perspective on Subgroup Analysis in Prevention and Treatment

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2019Sexual and gender minority sleep: A narrative review and suggestions for future research 2019Mental health, social adversity, and health-related outcomes in sexual minority adolescents: a contemporary national cohort study 2021Disparities in Childhood Abuse Between Transgender and Cisgender Adolescents 2021Systemic inflammation as a driver of health disparities among sexually-diverse and gender-diverse individuals

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