Men in unhappy relationships: Perceptions of couple therapy

Douglas A. Spiker · Joseph H. Hammer · Kenneth J. Parnell

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Gender Roles and Identity Studies Attachment and Relationship Dynamics Mental Health Treatment and Access

Abstract

Research suggests men are reluctant to seek couple therapy. Parnell and Hammer (2018) established the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in explaining men’s relationship help seeking. The present study addressed gaps in their investigation by using a sample of men ( N = 206) who reported being unhappy with their romantic relationship; incorporating the key theoretical constructs of relationship satisfaction, self-stigma of seeking help, and perceived need; parsing the unique relationship of conformity to the masculine norms of self-reliance and restrictive emotionality with help-seeking perceptions; and determining whether personality (i.e., neuroticism) obviated the importance of accounting for conformity to masculine norms when seeking to understand couple help seeking. To address these important research gaps, an structural equation modeling (SEM) alternative model testing framework was used and bootstrap analyses were conducted to test for indirect effects. The results evidenced several important findings: (1) conformity to masculine norms accounted for unique variance in help-seeking perceptions beyond neuroticism, (2) self-reliance and restrictive emotionality evidenced differential direct and indirect effects on help-seeking outcomes, (3) perceived need and self-stigma accounted for the most variance in the SEM model, and (4) relationship satisfaction was not associated with attitudes but low relationship satisfaction was associated with more perceived social pressure (i.e., subjective norms) to engage in couple therapy. Our results provided further support for the use of TPB in understanding men’s relationship help seeking and highlighted several implications for how to engage men in couple therapy.

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1999Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives 1991The theory of planned behavior 2008Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research 2006Reporting Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results: A Review 2004In Search of Golden Rules: Comment on Hypothesis-Testing Approaches to Setting Cutoff Values for Fit Indexes and Dangers in Overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) Findings 2003Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking.2006A Brief Guide to Structural Equation Modeling 2007Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index.

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