The Transformation of Relief Representation on Topographic Maps in Hungary: From Hachures to Contour Lines

Abstract

Although the maps of the Third and Fourth Military Surveys of the Austria–Hungarian Empire were classified, after its dissolution the new countries had access to the topographic maps covering their own territories. Lehmann’s slope hachures were used for representing relief, both at the survey scale and the derived scales. Contour lines were used to plan the hachures, which were the primary method of relief representation; therefore, most of the contour lines were removed from the final map. Following the political and administrative changes, a new organization, the independent Military Mapping Group was established in Hungary in 1919. After developing it into an institute, Hungary started a new topographic survey revising the former Austro-Hungarian 1:25 000 scale topographic maps. The revision changed the relief representation from hachures to contour lines and the language of the map lettering from German to Hungarian.

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