Edgar Sheappard Sayer (1939:2).See under 'Depositions' in the References.vi them'); names for important trade items (these in particular may be taken from the non English language(s»; a limited number system; terms for weights and measurements, terms for body parts, a few spatial and temporal terms; and greetings and leave-takings.If the contexts for use were restricted to trade, then there would be little need for elaborate pronoun systems and a wide range of adjectives and adverbs, for instance.Similarly, a reduction in grammatical operations would mean that verbs need not be inflected for tense, nor nouns for number; and conjunctions and articles, among many other standard grammatical features, could be left out (see 'Grammatical patterns' below).At first the pidgin may be relatively unstable, involving a high degree of variation, and supplemented heavily by gestures; but over time, as long as there remains a need for intercultural communication, it may become more stable and undergo an expansion in lexical and grammatical forms, and, eventually, social functions.For those wanting a more detailed presentation of these issues, see Miihlhausler (1997). viii South Australian Pidgin EnglishFor ease of discussion, the origins and development of SAPE can be roughly divided into three periods: early (1 800s-183 6), middle (1836-1 850s) and late (1860-1 920s); although it should not be inferred from this that SAPE was necessarily uniform and continuous during any of these periods, or that there was no overlap.[n the main, these divisions reflect periods of major social and environmental change that led to increased or entirely new contact between Europeans and Aboriginal people.The extent to which SAPE was a distinct entity is at present unclear and is in need of further research. EarlyFrom the early 1800s, contact between Europeans and Aborigines began along the coastal regions of South Australia.At this time sealers and whalers were based at Kangaroo Island, maintaining links to Western Australia, Bass Strait, Tasmania, Sydney, and beyond.According to Clarke (J994:3): 'In 1820, there were an estimated fifty sealers with about a hundred Aboriginal wives and children, living in the Bass Straits to Kangaroo Island region'.Many of the Aboriginal women were abducted from Tasmania; others from Port Lincoln, the Adelaide plains and the mainland opposite Kangaroo Island, and were forced to live as virtual slaves (see Clarke 19 97).When it is considered that the sealers were also of mixed origin, including 'British, French, Portuguese, black and white Americans, lascars (sailors from India), New Ze alanders, Maoris, Tahitians and various other Pacific Is landers' (Dineen & MUhlhausler 1996:85), it is likely that a pidgin quickly developed.Yet determining the exact nature of the language at this early stage is hampered by a lack of historical records, but it is likely that it was influenced by the Nautical Jargon and New South Wales Pidgin English (NSWPE, which had been developing ix Piccaniny tuckout -only bread, Mr Moorehouse (The Protector) [anty gammon.(There is) not much food only bread, Mr Moorehouse lies aloL Few of the early settlers bothered to learn the Kaurna language.Cawthorne mentions a number of times in his diary his intention to learn Kaurna, but he never succeeded in doing so; his communication with Aboriginal people, as with other settlers, took place in SAPE.x Late From the 1860s and 1870s, the frontier of White economic activity began to spread into the more remote northern regions of the state, bringing previously 'untouched' Aboriginal groups into contact.Much of this activity was pastoral in nature, including the establishment of cattle stations and droving on the major stock routes between Marree and Alice Springs and Marree and Birdsville.Perhaps the most intense and sustained contact was brought by capital building xi /�I "
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