Halloysite Nanotubes Loaded with Calcium Hydroxide: Alkaline Fillers for the Deacidification of Waterlogged Archeological Woods

Giuseppe P. Cavallaro · Stefana Milioto · Filippo Parisi · Giuseppe Lazzara

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Conservation Techniques and Studies Clay minerals and soil interactions Building materials and conservation

Abstract

A novel green protocol for the deacidifying consolidation of waterlogged archaeological woods through aqueous dispersions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 and halloysite nanotubes containing calcium hydroxide has been designed. First, we prepared functionalized halloysite nanotubes filled with Ca(OH) 2 in their lumen. The controlled and sustained release of Ca(OH) 2 from the halloysite lumen extended its neutralization action over time, allowing the development of a long-term deacidification of the wood samples. A preliminary thermomechanical characterization of clay/polymer nanocomposites allows us to determine the experimental conditions to maximize the consolidation efficiency of the wood samples. The penetration of the halloysite–Ca(OH) 2 /PEG composite within the wooden pores conferred the robustness of the archaeological woods based on the clay/polymer composition of the consolidant mixture. Compared to the archeological woods treated with pure PEG 1500, the addition of modified nanotubes in the consolidant induced a remarkable improvement in the mechanical performance in terms of flexural strength and rigidity. The pH measurements of the treated woods showed that the halloysite–Ca(OH) 2 are effective alkaline fillers. Accordingly, the modified nanotubes provided a long-term protection for lignin present in the woods that are exposed to artificial aging under acidic atmosphere. The attained knowledge shows that an easy and green protocol for the long-term preservation of wooden artworks can be achieved by the combination of PEG polymers and alkaline tubular nanostructures obtained through the confinement of Ca(OH) 2 within the halloysite cavity.

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References

2002Nanotechnologies for Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Paper and Canvas Deacidification 2002Deterioration of the seventeenth-century warship Vasa by internal formation of sulphuric acid 2005Nanoparticles of Calcium Hydroxide for Wood Conservation. The Deacidification of the Vasa Warship 2013Calcium hydroxide nanoparticles for the conservation of cultural heritage: new formulations for the deacidification of cellulose-based artifacts 2012New materials used for the consolidation of archaeological wood–past attempts, present struggles, and future requirements 2010Hydroxide Nanoparticles for Deacidification and Concomitant Inhibition of Iron-Gall Ink Corrosion of Paper

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2018On Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in China from the Intellectual Property Rights Perspective 2020Organosilicons of different molecular size and chemical structure as consolidants for waterlogged archaeological wood – a new reversible and retreatable method 2021How Science Can Contribute to the Remedial Conservation of Cultural Heritage 2020Solid state NMR investigation of the roman Acqualadroni rostrum: tenth year assessment of the consolidation treatment of the wooden part 2020Sustainable Nanotechnologies for Curative and Preventive Wood Deacidification Treatments: An Eco-Friendly and Innovative Approach

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