Entrepreneurship in Africa, part 3: conclusions on African entrepreneurshipThis issue offers the last instalment of the special issue focussing on African entrepreneurship.The call has produced 24 published manuscripts which is a reflection of the considerable interest in the area as a research focus.The initial instalment entitled "Entrepreneurial Dynamics in Africa" explored various aspects of entrepreneurial behaviour including: female entrepreneurship, venture capital investment, information and communication technology and the influence of entrepreneurial leadership ( Jones et al., 2018a).The second issue entitled "Entrepreneurship in Africa, Part 2: Entrepreneurial Education and eco-Systems" evaluated literature related to entrepreneurial education and eco-systems creation ( Jones et al., 2018b).This issue presents seven further papers considering various elements of entrepreneurial behaviour including portfolio entrepreneurship, diversification, export behaviour and entrepreneurial failure in an African context.The papers included here offer the following insights.The study by Coetzee, Bruwer and Meiring considers the empirical relationships that exist between two of the elements of an internal control system, namely, internal control activities and managerial conduct, and the perceived sustainability of South African small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs).The study found that only general management competencies had a relationship with the economic sustainability of business entities.The study noted that it is crucial for management of SMMEs as well as government bodies have an influence sphere over these entities, to ensure that SMME management incorporate crucial internal control activities and appropriate management conduct.Malfense Fierro, Noble, Hatem and Balunywa study considers large-scale portfolio entrepreneurship in Egypt, Uganda and Malawi and its impact on the creation of stable wage employment using an inductive qualitative methodology.This study finds a connection between the creation of stable wage paying jobs and portfolio entrepreneurship.It also found a strong connection between the development of new industries and portfolio entrepreneurship.The findings indicate that portfolio entrepreneurs are a major influence in the creation of employment opportunities and potentially may be a more effective focus than focussing solely on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for government policy in mitigating some of the drivers for emigration and terrorism.The study by McElwee and Wood explores enterprise diversification amongst wetland farmers in Zambia as a way of reducing poverty and improving sustainability.The study identifies ways in which such entrepreneurial activities were supported and applied more widely using a qualitative study of Zambian farmers.Key findings noted despite adopting new technologies most farmers were restricted to local markets where their increased production restricts prices.A limited number of farmers were able to progress to production and marketing for markets in major urban centres and considerably more were able to use the capital accumulated from wetland farming to diversify their household enterprises to reduce poverty and improve the sustainability and resilience of their livelihoods.The final paper by Haddoud, Jones Newbery and Beynon analyses the determinants of SMEs' propensity to export using data from a North-African country, namely, Algeria.Drawing on the extended RBV, the study examines the role of firms' resources and capabilities in explaining the probability to export.The study employs the nascent fuzzy c-means clustering technique to analyse a sample of 208 Algerian SMEs.While a preliminary analysis established the existence of five clusters exhibiting different levels of resources and capabilities, further discernment of these clusters has highlighted significant
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