Early Literacy Predictors and Second-Grade Outcomes in Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

J. Bruce Tomblin, Jake Oleson, Sophie E. Ambrose, Elizabeth A. Walker, Mary Pat Moeller

2018-10-09articleChild Development65 citationsgreen

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Hearing Impairment and Communication Reading and Literacy Development Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation

Abstract

This study contrasted the early literacy outcomes of children who are hard of hearing (CHH) with children with normal hearing (CNH). At age 5, prereading skills of oral language, phonological processing, and print knowledge were examined in CHH (N = 180) and CNH (N = 80). The CHH had poorer oral language and phonological processing abilities than the CNH but comparable knowledge of print. At age 8, measures of word reading, and reading comprehension yielded no differences between CHH (N = 108) and CNH (N = 62) except for reading comprehension for the moderately severe CHH. Reading achievement in CHH was found to exceed predictions based on prereading performance. This resilience was associated with gains in oral language during the early school years.

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