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This chapter describes the development of research methods since Hermann Ebbinghaus to show that during the short history, memory science has made impressive advances in methodology in search for the answers to increasingly sophisticated questions. It highlights the methodological development since Ebbinghaus started the scientific study of memory. The typical methodology in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research is to ask people to engage in a standard memory task while being monitored by fMRI technology. Mary Whiton Calkins developed the paired-associate learning paradigm to study the formation of associations, even though she did not name the method or provide the rationale for the method. Toward the end of the 1950s, a sufficient number of psychologists became dissatisfied with the dominance of the behavioristic approach and began constructing a new approach based on an information processing analogy.
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