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One need look no further than the roadways, canals, and railroads of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to see early concrete manifestations of large-scale public subsidization of private economic activity and the hierarchical relationship between the public and private sectors. These relationships crystallized in the urban renewal days of the 1950s and 1960s and the widely celebrated partnerships of the 1980s. Structural changes in the political economy of cities, regions, and nations altered the configuration of specific public-private partnerships, but not the fundamental relationship between the public and private sectors. These structural changes have, however, influenced the spatial development of cities and exacerbated the social problems of urban America.
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