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Major advances in the assessment of infants and toddlers occurred in the 1920s and 1930s as a result of pioneering work by Arnold Gesell and Nancy Bayley. In many ways assessing infants and toddlers is more difficult than assessing older children. One difficulty is that infant’ levels of arousal change quite frequently. For example, infants can quickly change from an alert, attentive state to one where the infant is drowsy, fussy, and averse to stimulation. This limits the time available for obtaining a child’s best performance. Another complicating factor is that the attention span of infants and toddlers is short and young children are easily distracted by both internal and external stimuli. Several strategies can enhance their attending and reduce distraction. Infants typically are positioned for testing on a parent’s lap or in a highchair or infant seat. Examiners should sit at the child’s level so they can make direct eye contact easily.
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