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Abstract A century of sulfur dioxide fumigation, copper and nickel particulate deposition, fire, soil erosion and enhanced frost action resulting from mining and smeltering has created 17, 00 ha of barren land and 72 000 ha of stunted, open birch-maple (Betula/Acer) woodland in the Sudbury area of Ontario, Canada. The primary factor limiting plant colonization is the acidic, aluminium-, copper- and nickel-toxic properties of the soils, although certain plant species have developed genetically based metal tolerance. In the revegetation programme, manual surface application of ground limestone, with or without an accompanying fertilizer and/or grass-legume seed application, leads to immediate colonization by woody species including birch (Betula spp.), aspen (Populus tremuloides) and willows (Salix spp.), and more than 3000 ha have been treated in this way by the Regional Municipality of Sudbury since 1978. Native coniferous species (Pinus spp.) have also been planted in groups to form a seed source for future colonization.
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