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Ptolemy II Philadelphus is the one usually credited with the major fiscal reforms in Egypt, but this may be due partly to the fact that papyrological evidence only becomes abundant in his reign. Although most royal revenue was probably paid in grain from agricultural land, the Ptolemies rapidly accelerated the monetization of Egypt through direct taxes on persons and indirect taxes on transactions that were paid in coin. There were major fiscal reforms in Egypt after its incorporation into the Roman Empire. The two pillars of Roman imperial taxation were the land and the capitation taxes, tributum soli and tributum capitis. Administrative changes during the Roman Period had profound effects on tax collection. Reforms in the reign of Trajan are probably responsible for the mature liturgical system evident in the second century, by which most state offices were transformed into compulsory public services assigned according to a person's wealth.
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