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One of the more surprising results of Israel's 1988 elections was the success of the so-called religious parties, composed of orthodox and ultra-orthodox Jews. The elections for the Twelfth Knesset were not only a contest for power in the Knesset, but also a struggle for dominance in the religious arena. Modern Zionist orthodoxy found itself divided between the messianic and non-messianic religious Zionists; the more stringent contra-acculturative haredi orthodoxy found itself divided between Shas and Agudat Israel supporters. The orthodox thus took four stances toward Zionism. Two were Zionist, one was a-Zionist, and one was anti-Zionist. After three decades in power, the contra-acculturative orthodox were beginning to splinter into hasidic and misnagdic camps, along with a Sephardic camp. For a long time, Sephardic Jews had allowed their rabbis to study in Lithuanian yeshivas and become part of Agudat Israel, while the laity had grudgingly supported the dominant Labor party.
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